{"id":1553,"date":"2025-11-15T11:59:22","date_gmt":"2025-11-15T03:59:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ftune.com.cn\/?p=1553"},"modified":"2026-02-06T09:51:15","modified_gmt":"2026-02-06T01:51:15","slug":"%e7%b2%92%e5%ad%90%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e6%a0%87%e5%87%86%e6%a8%a1%e5%9e%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.ftune.com.cn\/en\/%e7%b2%92%e5%ad%90%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e6%a0%87%e5%87%86%e6%a8%a1%e5%9e%8b\/","title":{"rendered":"Standard Model"},"content":{"rendered":"

Standard Model<\/strong> (SM) is a theory in particle physics that describes three of the four fundamental forces \u2014 strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces<\/strong> \u2014 as well as the basic particles that make up all matter. It belongs to the realm of quantum field theory and is compatible with quantum mechanics<\/strong> and special relativity<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

\n Bosons: H-Higgs boson, g-gluon, \u03b3-photon, Z-Z boson, W-W boson\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n Fermions: Green - Leptons (in order: tau, muon, electron, tau neutrino, muon neutrino, electron neutrino), Red - Quarks (in order: up, charm, top, down, strange, bottom)\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Standard Model includes a total of 61<\/strong> elementary particles (see table and image above), comprising fermions<\/strong> (matter constituents<\/strong>) and bosons<\/strong> (force carriers<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014Fermions<\/strong> are particles that have half-integer spin and obey the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two identical fermions can occupy the same quantum state;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014Bosons<\/strong> have integer spin and do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Category<\/th>generation<\/th>Antiparticle<\/th><\/th>color<\/th>Total<\/th><\/tr>
Quark<\/th>2<\/td>3<\/td>in pairs<\/td>3<\/td>36<\/td><\/tr>
lepton<\/th>2<\/td>3<\/td>in pairs<\/td>Colorless<\/td>12<\/td><\/tr>
y-jelly<\/th>1<\/td>1<\/td>oneself<\/td>8<\/td>8<\/td><\/tr>
W particle<\/th>1<\/td>1<\/td>in pairs<\/td>Colorless<\/td>2<\/td><\/tr>
Z particle<\/th>1<\/td>1<\/td>oneself<\/td>Colorless<\/td>1<\/td><\/tr>
g-photon<\/th>1<\/td>1<\/td>oneself<\/td>Colorless<\/td>1<\/td><\/tr>
H-Higgs boson<\/th>1<\/td>1<\/td>oneself<\/td>Colorless<\/td>1<\/td><\/tr>
Total<\/th><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td>61<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Elementary particles<\/td>Fermion<\/td>Quarks: u \u00b7 d \u00b7 c \u00b7 s \u00b7 t \u00b7 b and their corresponding antiquarks<\/td><\/tr>
Boson<\/td>Leptons: e- \u00b7 e \u00b7 \u03bc- \u00b7 \u03bc \u00b7 \u03c4- \u00b7 \u03c4 \u00b7 \u03bde<\/sub> \u00b7\u03bde<\/sub>Antiparticle \u00b7 \u03bd\u03bc<\/sub> \u00b7 \u03bd\u03bc<\/sub> Antiparticle \u00b7 \u03bd\u03c4<\/sub> \u00b7 \u03bd\u03c4<\/sub> Antiparticle<\/td><\/tr>
Composite particle<\/td>Hadron<\/td>Baryons\/Nucleons\/Hyperons: p \u00b7 p \u00b7 n \u00b7 n \u00b7 \u0394 \u00b7 \u039b \u00b7 \u03a3 \u00b7 \u039e \u00b7 \u03a9 \u00b7<\/td><\/tr>
Mesons\/Quarkonia: \u03c0 \u00b7 K \u00b7 \u03c1 \u00b7 D \u00b7 J\/\u03c8 \u00b7 \u03a5<\/td><\/tr>
Others<\/td>Atomic Nucleus \u00b7 Atom \u00b7 Exotic Atoms: Positronium \u00b7 Muonium \u00b7 Mesic Atom \u00b7 Hyperatomic Atom \u00b7 Antihydrogen \u00b7 Meson Nucleus \u00b7 Hypernucleus \u00b7 Heavy-flavor Hypernucleus \u00b7 Molecule<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\n Quantum Field Theory<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n Quantum Field Theory<\/strong>CombinedQuantum Mechanics<\/strong>\u3001Special Theory of Relativity<\/strong>andClassical Field Theory<\/strong>, and also the mathematical foundation and theoretical framework of the Standard Model of particle physics
In quantum field theory,A particle is a quantum excitation of a field.<\/strong>\uff0cEvery particle<\/strong>Each has their owncorresponding field<\/strong>. (Within the framework of quantum field theory,The fundamental form of matter is the 'field'.<\/strong>, and the various particles we observe are, in essence, the excited states of their corresponding quantum fields. For example,An electron is an excitation of the electron field.<\/strong>\uff0cA photon is an excitation of the electromagnetic field.<\/strong>\u3002\uff09\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n Quantum Fluctuation<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n In quantum mechanics,Quantum fluctuations (quantum vacuum fluctuations, vacuum fluctuations)<\/strong>) is inAny position in space<\/strong>generatePositive and Negative Virtual Particles<\/strong>Right, and then againRapid Annihilation<\/strong>The process of (temporary changes in energy) can be derived from Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n Does it violate the law of conservation of energy?<\/strong>
Quantum fluctuations seem to violate the law of energy conservation, but such fluctuations occur anywhere in space, and the energy exists for a very short time; the moment passes, and it disappears.
The total energy fluctuates like the waves of the sea; locally, there are highs and lows. On a large scale, however, the total amount of water in the sea remains constant, so the law of conservation of energy is not violated.
Although it does not violate the law of conservation of energy, it affects the motion of particles, causing the computation of particle motion to require radiative corrections. For higher-order perturbative correction effects of interactions, renormalization methods must be used to eliminate divergent terms when calculating via Feynman diagrams. Its physical effect is manifested in the characteristic of interaction strength varying with momentum.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n Vacuum Zero-Point Energy<\/strong>
The vacuum in quantum mechanics is different from the vacuum as commonly understood. In quantum mechanics,A vacuum is not a space entirely devoid of matter.<\/strong>\uff0cVirtual particle<\/strong>continuouslyRandom Generation<\/strong>Annihilating again at arbitrary positions in space, after taking these quantum effects into account, the lowest energy state of space is the energy state with the lowest energy among all energy states, also known as the ground state or 'vacuum state.' The space in the lowest energy state is the true vacuum of quantum mechanics.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n Casimir Effect Experiment Verifies Vacuum Zero-Point Energy<\/strong>
``<\/strong>In the Casimir effect experiment, two parallel metal plates are placed in a vacuum. Because the metal plates restrict the modes of vacuum fluctuations between them, a tiny attractive force is generated between the plates.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n The Large Hadron Collider detects the production of new particles from collisions<\/strong>(VerificationQuantum Fluctuation<\/strong>\uff09
The physical processes that occur in a collider, including collisions, the production of new particles, and their subsequent decay into stable particles, are called resonances. When the energy of the colliding particles is near that of a new particle (virtual particle), the high energy of the collision has a small probability of being converted into mass (an experimental phenomenon, though the specific theoretical details are still debated),, this gave rise to a new particle<\/strong>, and obtain a final stable particle distribution with certain characteristics through the above reaction.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n The four fundamental forces (or interactions)<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Types of Forces<\/strong><\/th>Interacting objects<\/strong><\/th>Force intensity<\/strong><\/th>Stroke<\/strong><\/th><\/tr>
Universal Gravitation<\/strong><\/td>All particles<\/td>10-34<\/sup>N<\/td>Infinity<\/td><\/tr>
Weak strength<\/strong><\/td>Most particles<\/td>10-2<\/sup>N<\/td>\uff1c10-17<\/sup>m<\/td><\/tr>
Electromagnetic force<\/strong><\/td>Charge<\/td>102<\/sup>N<\/td>Infinity<\/td><\/tr>
Powerful<\/strong><\/td>hadrons, mesons, etc.<\/td>104<\/sup> N<\/td>10-15<\/sup>m<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\n Electromagnetic interaction<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n


It is manifested as the interaction between charged particles<\/strong> and the electromagnetic field<\/strong>, as well as the force between charged particles<\/strong> transmitted through the electromagnetic field<\/strong> in the form of photons<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


On the macroscopic<\/strong> scale, it follows the Maxwell equations<\/strong>.
At the microscopic<\/strong> level, it is described by quantum electrodynamics (QED)<\/strong>.
In the microscopic world of QED, due to quantum fluctuations<\/strong>, countless pairs of particles and antiparticles suddenly appear and quickly annihilate<\/strong>. To describe the interaction between two charged particles (such as electrons) through the exchange of virtual photons (these virtual photons are not observable real photons but a manifestation of quantum fluctuations), one needs to sum the probability amplitudes<\/strong> for all possible processes<\/strong> (i.e., all Feynman diagrams that do not violate fundamental conservation laws).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n strong interaction<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The strong interaction is the strongest of the four fundamental interactions in nature, with a range of about 10-15<\/sup> meters. The strong interaction overcomes the powerful repulsive force generated by the electromagnetic force, tightly binding protons and neutrons into atomic nuclei<\/strong>.
All subatomic particles affected by the strong interaction are called hadrons. According to the Standard Model theory of modern particle physics, hadrons are composed of quarks, antiquarks, and gluons<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n \u00b7In mathematical terms, the strong interaction is described by quantum chromodynamics (QCD), which is a gauge field theory, whose core is that the strong interaction between quarks with color charge is transmitted by exchanging gluons to convey the strong force.<\/strong>\u3002
At present,Quarks cannot exist independently, and they are always bound inside hadrons by gluons<\/strong>\u3002\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n .`<\/strong>`The composite particles we are familiar with, such as protons and neutrons (collectively known as hadrons), derive about 99% of their mass from the enormous kinetic energy of the internal quarks and the energy carried by the massless gluons that mediate the strong interaction (according to the mass-energy equivalence principle, energy manifests as mass).<\/strong>Only about 1% of the mass can be attributed to the Higgs mechanism that gives quarks their fundamental mass, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) describes the high energy within quarks<\/strong>, causing these zero-mass gluons to cluster together near quarks in the form of virtual particles (quantum fluctuations).\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n The 'behavior' of glue is very much like a spring<\/strong>\uff1a
`When quarks are very close to each other (high energy), this 'spring' is very relaxed, the interaction is weak, and the quarks are almost free. This characteristic is called asymptotic freedom.<\/strong>\uff1b
And when a quark tries to separate (at low energy), the gluon 'spring' generates an extremely strong interaction force that pulls it back, making it impossible for the quark to ever escape(When quarks are very close to each other (high energy), this 'spring' is very relaxed, the interaction is weak, and the quarks are almost free. This characteristic is called asymptotic freedom.<\/strong>It is asymptotic freedom), this phenomenon is jokingly referred to as \"quark confinement\" or \"quark prison.\"\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n The binding force is so strong that if you try to completely tear two quarks apart, the energy injected is enough to create a new quark-antiquark pair in the vacuum, resulting in the fact that you can never get an isolated quark.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n \u5f31\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u529b<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n \u5f31\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u529b\u5c5e\u4e8e\u77ed\u7a0b\u529b\uff08\u4f5c\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u5c0f\u4e8e10-15<\/sup>\u7c73\uff09\uff0c\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u5938\u514b\u3001\u7535\u5b50\u7b49\u8d39\u7c73\u5b50\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4ea4\u6362W\u00b1<\/strong>andZ\u73bb\u8272\u5b50<\/strong>\u4f20\u9012\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5b87\u79f0\u4e0d\u5b88\u6052<\/strong>\u7279\u6027\u3002\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n \u8981\u662f\u8bf4\u5f3a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u529b\u662f\u628a\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u7c98\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u90a3\u5f31\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u529b\u5c31\u662f\u4e3b\u5bfc\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u7684\u88c2\u53d8<\/strong>.
\u4f46\u662f\u5f31\u529b\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u529b\u7a0b\u975e\u5e38\u77ed<\/strong>\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e3a\u96f6\uff0c\u5373\u53c2\u4e0e\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e00\u79bb\u5f00\uff0c\u529b\u5c31\u8fc5\u901f\u5730\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\u3002\uff08\u5f31\u529b\u6ca1\u6709\u672c\u9886\u628a\u4efb\u4f55\u7c92\u5b50\u675f\u7f1a\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f83\u590d\u6742\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u7c92\u5b50\u53d1\u751f\u8870\u53d8\u548c\u4fd8\u83b7\u7684\u4e00\u77ac\u95f4\uff0c\u7c92\u5b50\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e00\u79bb\u5f00\uff0c\u5f31\u529b\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5c31\u6d88\u5931\u3002\uff09
\u5728\u03b2\u8870\u53d8\u3001\u4e2d\u5b50\u8870\u53d8<\/strong>\u7b49\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1a\uff08\u4e2d\u5b50\u2192\u8d28\u5b50+\u7535\u5b50+\u4e2d\u5fae\u5b50\uff09<\/strong>\uff0c\u5f31\u529b\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u53d8\u5938\u514b\u5473\u91cf\u5b50\u6570\u5b9e\u73b0\u8870\u53d8\u3002\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n \u534a\u8870\u671f<\/strong>
\u534a\u8870\u671f\u6216\u8870\u53d8\u5e38\u91cf\u8868\u5f81\u662f\u6307\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u6838\u7d20\u8870\u53d8\u81f3\u539f\u6709\u6570\u91cf\u4e00\u534a\u6240\u9700\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u6bcf\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u534a\u8870\u671f\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u53d8\u81f3\u539f\u6709\u7684\u4e00\u534a\uff0c\u5982\uff0c1\/2 —\u4e00\u4e2a\u534a\u8870\u671f\u30011\/4—\u4e24\u4e2a\u534a\u8870\u671f \u30011\/8 —\u4e09\u4e2a\u534a\u8870\u671f\u30011\/16 —\u56db\u4e2a\u534a\u8870\u671f\u30011\/32—\u4e94\u4e2a\u534a\u8870\u671f \uff09\u3002\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n \u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f—\u5728\u54e5\u672c\u54c8\u6839\u8be0\u91ca\u4e0b\u7684\u521d\u7565\u89e3\u91ca<\/strong>\uff08\u5e76\u975e\u5f31\u529b\uff09
\u6839\u636e\u6d77\u68ee\u5821\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u539f\u7406<\/strong>\u7684\u80fd\u91cf-\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u539f\u7406<\/strong>\uff0c\u80fd\u91cf\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u88ab\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f46\u7c92\u5b50\u906d\u9047\u4f4d\u52bf\u5792\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u501f\u4e00\u4efd\u80fd\u91cf E \u6765\u7a7f\u8fc7\u5b83\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c92\u5b50\u6709 t \u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u7a7f\u8fc7\u4f4d\u52bf\u5792\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u501f\u6765\u7684\u80fd\u91cf E \u8fd8\u56de\u53bb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u80fd\u91cf\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u88ab\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u65f6\u95f4 t \u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4fbf\u7ed9\u4e86\u7c92\u5b50\u201c\u94bb\u7a7a\u5b50\u201d\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u7a7f\u5165\u6216\u7a7f\u8d8a\u80fd\u91cf\u5927\u4e8e\u8be5\u7c92\u5b50\u603b\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u4f4d\u52bf\u5792\u3002\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n \u5b8f\u89c2\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f<\/strong>\uff08\u5e76\u975e\u5f31\u529b\uff09
\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u68ee\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u8d85\u5bfc\u5c42—\u8584\u7edd\u7f18\u5c42—\u8d85\u5bfc\u5c42<\/strong>\uff08\u4e0b\u56fe\uff09\u3002\uff08\u8584\u7edd\u7f18\u5c42<\/strong>–\u5f88\u8584\u7684\u52bf\u5792\u5c42 — \u539a\u5ea6 \u2264 Cooper\u7535\u5b50\u5bf9\u7684\u76f8\u5e72\u957f\u5ea6)\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u68ee\u7ed3<\/strong>\u201d\u6216\u79f0\u4e3a\u8d85\u5bfc\u96a7\u9053\u7ed3<\/strong>\u3002\u65e0\u963b\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u5e93\u73c0\u5bf9<\/strong>\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e00\u5b9a\u6982\u7387<\/strong>\u65e0\u635f\u8017\u5730\u8de8\u8fc7<\/strong>\u7edd\u7f18\u5c42\u6d41\u52a8\u5230\u4e86\u5bf9\u9762\u7684\u8d85\u5bfc\u5c42\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u96a7\u7a7f\u7535\u6d41<\/strong>\u3002\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u68ee\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u6784\u60f3\uff0c\u83b7\u5f971973\u5e74\u7684\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u3002\n<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

\n \u4e2d\u5b50\u8870\u53d8—<\/strong>\u5e94\u7528\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u5e94<\/strong>\u89e3\u91ca\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u8870\u53d8<\/strong>
\u7c92\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u6982\u7387\u6027\u7684\u7a7f\u8fc7\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u7684\u4f4d\u52bf\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u9003\u51fa\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u7684\u675f\u7f1a\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5b50\u8d28\u91cf\u5927\u4e8e\u8d28\u5b50\u8d28\u91cf\u548c\u7535\u5b50\u8d28\u91cf\u4e4b\u548c\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2d\u5b50\u5e76\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u5176\u5e73\u5747\u5bff\u547d\u4e3a\u7ea6880.2\u79d2\u3002
\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u662f\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5185\u7535\u5b50\u6709\u6982\u7387\u7a7f\u5165\u6216\u7a7f\u8d8a\u80fd\u91cf\u5927\u4e8e\u8be5\u7535\u5b50\u603b\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u4f4d\u52bf\u5792\uff0c\u5e76\u91ca\u653e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7535\u5b50\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u4e2d\u5fae\u5b50\u548c\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e2d\u5b50\u8870\u53d8\u4e3a\u8d28\u5b50\u3002\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n \u8865\u5145\uff1a\u5728\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u5b50\u5927\u591a\u6570\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6839\u636e\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u58f3\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u5b50\u548c\u8d28\u5b50\u90fd\u662f\u5904\u4e8e\u80fd\u91cf\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u6001\u4e2d\uff1b\u5728\u7a33\u5b9a\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u4e2d\u6bd4\u4e2d\u5b50\u80fd\u6001\u66f4\u4f4e\u7684\u8d28\u5b50\u80fd\u6001\u5df2\u88ab\u8d28\u5b50\u586b\u6ee1\uff0c\u4e2d\u5b50\u8870\u53d8\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8d28\u5b50\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fdb\u5165\u66f4\u4f4e\u7684\u8d28\u5b50\u80fd\u6001\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e2d\u5b50\u8870\u53d8\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u5728\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u80fd\u91cf\u4e0a\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u8d28\u5b50\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u6001\uff0c\u4f9b\u4e2d\u5b50\u8870\u53d8\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8d28\u5b50\u5360\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c31\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u5185\u4e2d\u5b50\u7684\u8870\u53d8\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<\/mrow>14<\/mn><\/msup><\/mrow><\/semantics><\/math>14C\uff086\u4e2a\u8d28\u5b50\uff0c8\u4e2a\u4e2d\u5b50\uff09\u03b2\u8870\u53d8\u6210<\/mrow>14<\/mn><\/msup><\/mrow><\/semantics><\/math>14N\uff087\u4e2a\u8d28\u5b50\uff0c7\u4e2a\u4e2d\u5b50\uff09\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u5b50\u8870\u53d8\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5904\u4e8e\u03b2\u7a33\u5b9a\u7ebf\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u5b50\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u8fdc\u79bb\u03b2\u7a33\u5b9a\u7ebf\u7684\u4e30\u4e2d\u5b50\u6838\u548c\u4e2d\u5b50\u6ef4\u7ebf\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2d\u5b50\u5219\u662f\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u03b2\u8870\u53d8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6838\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u5b50\u8870\u53d8\u5bff\u547d\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6838\u7684\u03b2\u8870\u53d8\u5bff\u547d\u3002\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n W\u73bb\u8272\u5b50\u4e0eZ\u73bb\u8272\u5b50\u83b7\u5f97\u8d28\u91cf<\/strong>
\u5728\u6807\u51c6\u6a21\u578b\u91cc\uff0c\u5e0c\u683c\u65af\u673a\u5236\u4e8e\u5e0c\u683c\u65af\u573a\u8d4b\u4e88\uff08\u65e0\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\uff09W\u73bb\u8272\u5b50\u4e0eZ\u73bb\u8272\u5b50\u8d28\u91cf\uff0c\u8d39\u7c73\u5b50\u501f\u7740\u5e94\u7528\u5e0c\u683c\u65af\u673a\u5236\u4e8e\u5e0c\u683c\u65af\u573a\u4e0e\u8d39\u7c73\u5b50\u573a\u7684\u6c64\u5ddd\u8026\u5408\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u8d28\u91cf\u3002\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n K\u4ecb\u5b50\uff08\u03b8<\/strong>–\u03c4\uff09\u8870\u53d8\u5b58\u5728CP\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b64\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5f31\u4f5c\u7528\u5b87\u79f0\u4e0d\u5b88\u6052\u7406\u8bba<\/strong>
\u5b87\u79f0\u4e0d\u5b88\u6052\u5b9a\u5f8b\u662f\u6307\uff1a\u5728\u5f31\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e92\u4e3a\u955c\u50cf\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\uff08\u7531\u5434\u5065\u96c4\u7528\u94b460\u9a8c\u8bc1\uff09\u3002\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n \u5f53\u65f6\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u53d1\u73b0\u6709\u4e24\u79cdK\u4ecb\u5b50\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u81ea\u65cb\u3001\u8d28\u91cf\u3001\u5bff\u547d\u3001\u7535\u8377\u7b49\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8870\u53d8\u5374\u4e0d\u540c\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u8870\u53d8\u6210\u4e24\u4e2a\u03c0\u4ecb\u5b50\uff1b\u4e00\u79cd\u8870\u53d8\u6210\u4e09\u4e2a\u03c0\u4ecb\u5b50\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u533a\u522b\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u4fbf\u5c06\u524d\u8005\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u03b8\u4ecb\u5b50\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u03c4\u4ecb\u5b50\uff08\u540e\u6765\u90fd\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3aK\u4ecb\u5b50\uff09\u3002\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n \u03b8+<\/sup> \u2192 \u03c0\u207a + \u03c00<\/sup>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n \u03c4+<\/sup>\u2192\u03c0\u207a + \u03c0\u207a+\u03c0–<\/sup>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n 1956\u5e74\uff0c\u674e\u653f\u9053\u4e0e\u6768\u632f\u5b81\u7ecf\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4f46\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e\uff0c\u5bf9\u03b2\u8870\u53d8<\/strong>\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u7edf\u8ba1\uff09\u540e\u65ad\u8a00\u03c4<\/strong>and\u03b8<\/strong>\u867d\u4e3a\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5f31\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u89c4\u5f8b\u5374\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c<\/strong>\uff0c\u540e\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3aK\u4ecb\u5b50<\/strong>\u3002\u4e8c\u4eba\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u7406\u8bba\u83b7\u5f971957\u5e74\u83b7\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u3002\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n \u968f\u7740\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6df1\u5165\u53ef\u77e5\uff0cK\u4ecb\u5b50\u662f\u7531\u5947\u5938\u514b<\/strong>\u4e0e\u53cd\u4e0a\u5938\u514b<\/strong>\u6216\u53cd\u5947\u5938\u514b<\/strong>\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5938\u514b<\/strong>\u7ec4\u6210\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n K\u4ecb\u5b50\u5178\u578b\u8870\u53d8\u6a21\u5f0f\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n K\u2070 \u2192 \u03c0\u207a + \u03c0\u207b\uff08\u77ed\u5bff\u547d\u6001KS\uff09\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n K\u207a \u2192 \u03bc\u207a + \u03bd\u03bc\uff08\u7ea6\u536063.5%\uff09 <\/sup>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n K\u207a \u2192 \u03c0\u207a + \u03c0\u2070\uff08\u7ea6\u536021.2%\uff09\n<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

\n \u5434\u5065\u96c4\u57280.01K\u6781\u4f4e\u6e29\u4e0b\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u5f3a\u78c1\u573a\u4f7f\u94b460<\/strong>\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u5f62\u6210\u5de6\u53f3\u65cb\u81ea\u65cb<\/strong>\u7684\u955c\u50cf\u88c5\u7f6e\uff0c\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230\u8870\u53d8\u7535\u5b50\u6570\u548c\u653e\u5c04\u65b9\u5411\u5b58\u5728\u663e\u8457\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u5f31\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528<\/strong>\u4e2d\u7684\u5b87\u79f0\u4e0d\u5b88\u6052\u3002<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

\n \u94b460\u7684\u03b2\u8870\u53d8<\/strong>—\u5de6\u8fb9\u4e3a\u5b87\u79f0\u5b88\u6052\uff08\u63a8\u6d4b\uff09\uff0c\u53f3\u8fb9\u4e3a\u5b87\u79f0\u4e0d\u5b88\u6052\uff08\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\uff09<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n \u5f31\u573a\u4e2d\u5b87\u79f0\u4e0d\u5b88\u6052\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4f53\u73b0
1998\u5e74\u6b27\u6d32\u6838\u5b50\u4e2d\u5fc3\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230K\u4ecb\u5b50\u8870\u53d8\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c2016\u5e74T2K\u5b9e\u9a8c\u53d1\u73b0\u03bc\u4ecb\u5b50\u4e2d\u5fae\u5b50\u4e0e\u53cd\u4e2d\u5fae\u5b50\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\uff0c2025\u5e74LHCb\u5b9e\u9a8c\u9996\u6b21\u5728\u5e95\u91cd\u5b50\u8870\u53d8\u4e2d\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230CP\u7834\u574f\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5170\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u56e2\u961f\u57fa\u4e8e\u8be5\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5728\u91cd\u5b50\u8870\u53d8\u673a\u5236\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u53d6\u5f97\u7a81\u7834\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n \u5e0c\u683c\u65af\u573a<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n \u6309\u7167\u6807\u51c6\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5e0c\u683c\u65af\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0e\u5e0c\u683c\u65af\u573a\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u8d28\u91cf\u3002\u5e0c\u683c\u65af\u73bb\u8272\u5b50\u662f\u5e0c\u683c\u65af\u573a\u7684\u632f\u52a8\u3002
W\u73bb\u8272\u5b50\u4e0eZ\u73bb\u8272\u5b50\u501f\u7740\u5e94\u7528\u5e0c\u683c\u65af\u673a\u5236\u4e8e\u5e0c\u683c\u65af\u573a\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u8d28\u91cf\uff0c\u8d39\u7c73\u5b50\u501f\u7740\u5e94\u7528\u5e0c\u683c\u65af\u673a\u5236\u4e8e\u5e0c\u683c\u65af\u573a\u4e0e\u8d39\u7c73\u5b50\u573a\u7684\u6c64\u5ddd\u8026\u5408\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u8d28\u91cf\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5e0c\u683c\u65af\u73bb\u8272\u5b50\u4e0d\u501a\u8d56\u5e0c\u683c\u65af\u673a\u5236\u83b7\u5f97\u8d28\u91cf\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5e0c\u683c\u65af\u673a\u5236\u5df2\u88ab\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u5b83\u4ecd\u65e7\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ed9\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u8d28\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u5c06\u8d28\u91cf\u8d4b\u4e88\u67d0\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u3002
\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u50cf\u8d28\u5b50\u3001\u4e2d\u5b50\u4e00\u7c7b\u590d\u5408\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u7ea61%\u662f\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u5c06\u8d28\u91cf\u8d4b\u4e88\u5938\u514b\u7684\u5e0c\u683c\u65af\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5269\u4f59\u7ea699%\u662f\u5938\u514b\u7684\u52a8\u80fd\u4e0e\u5f3a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u96f6\u8d28\u91cf\u80f6\u5b50\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u3002\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u6807\u51c6\u6a21\u578b\uff08Standa …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1553","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-23"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ftune.com.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1553","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ftune.com.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ftune.com.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ftune.com.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ftune.com.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1553"}],"version-history":[{"count":38,"href":"http:\/\/www.ftune.com.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1553\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1933,"href":"http:\/\/www.ftune.com.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1553\/revisions\/1933"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ftune.com.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1553"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ftune.com.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1553"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ftune.com.cn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1553"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}